The comprehensive economic and social survey of Shandong Province is a covering the whole province, comprehensive, continuous social survey, which is conducted by the Shandong Academy of Social Sciences. In order to in-depth understand the situation of the supply and demand of basic public services in our province and the satisfaction of urban and rural residents, a total of 3,000 urban and rural residents were sampled in the 2017 Economic and Social Survey of Shandong Province. To continuously meet the new expectations of the people for a better life in the new era, and strive to solve the problem that the development is insufficient and imbalanced, it provided basis for decision making.

The number of employed people in the modern service industry is increasing rapidly. The problem of aging of employed people in rural areas is very serious. 

From the survey data, the impact of population aging on the age structure of employed people has already appeared, and the situation of unlimited supply of labor has gradually disappeared. Among those who have jobs, the labor force under the age of 45 accounts for 32.9%, and the labor force aged 45 and above accounts for 67.1%. The proportion of the middle-aged and older labor force is higher than the national average. In terms of urban and rural areas, among the people who work in cities and towns, 46.8% of the labor force under 45 years old, 53.2% of the labor force 45 years old and above; among the rural workers, the labor force under 45 years old accounts for 21.6%, and the labor force aged 45 and above accounts for 78.4%. Compared with cities and towns, the problem of aging in rural areas is even more serious.

The level of education in the workforce is an important determinant of the quality of the workforce. Since 2001, the rapid development of general higher education and various types of vocational education in Shandong Province has greatly improved the average level of education in the whole society. According to the survey data, the average number of years of education for workers is 8.1 years, which is roughly equivalent to the middle school level. The average number of years of schooling for the employed is significantly negatively correlated with their age. The older the employed, the shorter the number of years of education. The younger , the longer the number of years of education. In terms of industries, the highest total amount of human capital are still agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, followed by manufacturing, construction, wholesale and retail. The total amount of human capital in the tertiary industry such as the financial industry, scientific research and technology services is relatively insufficient. However, from the perspective of growth rate, the total amount of human capital in agriculture has further decreased. The growth rate of human capital in traditional industries and traditional service industries has been slow, and in the modern service industry is growing rapidly. 

Enterprise employees can improve their professional skills by participating in training, which will help increase the stock of human capital and improve production efficiency. According to the survey data, 48.2% of the employed people engaged in non-agricultural work in urban areas did not participate in any training, and 51.8% participated in at least one type of training. Among them, only 14.5% participated in pre-job training, 8.7% participated in on-the-job training (continuing education), and 25.6% participated both in pre-job training and on-the-job training (continuing education). These figures show that the province's vocational training policy has achieved positive results, and the status of workers participating in vocational training is relatively optimistic.

In terms of entrepreneurial policies and services, respondents considered the importance of  training and guidance (27.5%), government-sponsored preferential financial loans (22.1%), policy legal advisory services (13.6%), and various types of entrepreneurial subsidies (13.6). %), tax relief (9.3%), entrepreneurial projects recommendation (7.4%), other fee reductions (4.3%) and entrepreneurial incubation services (1.9%). 

In the agricultural population, the proportion of new business entities and new agricultural modes are still relatively low. Among the total agricultural population surveyed, 5.2% were engaged in family farms, 9.3% were engaged in farmers' cooperatives, and 0.8%, 0.5% and 1.1% were respectively engaged in rural e-commerce, rural tourism and rural household services. These figures show that agricultural production is still dominated by growing grain and cash crops, and that large-scale agricultural operations, family farms, and farmer cooperatives have developed, but new forms and new models such as rural e-commerce, leisure agriculture, and rural tourism are still weak, need to be strengthened.  

Residents' income continues to grow, but the loan expenses for “buying house” account for a large proportion

According to the survey data, the average annual income of the respondents is 71087.3 yuan, in urban areas is 86896.2 yuan, and in rural areas is 46678.0 yuan. The income ratio of urban and rural areas is 1.86:1. The average annual income in the eastern, central and western regions was 77844.2 yuan, 75323.4 yuan and 48257.2 yuan respectively, and the income ratio was 1.61:1.56:1. The annual average loan repayment expenses of the family is 7225.9 yuan, and in urban and rural areas are 8681.3 yuan and 5063.7 yuan respectively. The annual average loan repayment expenses of the family in the eastern, central and western regions were 10515.8 yuan, 5833.0 yuan and 3862.2 yuan respectively. Residents’ loan expenses were mainly used for buying houses (57.9%), for buying cars and medical services accounted for 12.3% and 10.0% respectively, for education and other expenditures accounted for 4.2% and 15.7 % respectively. 

40.8% of the respondents expressed “very satisfied” and “satisfactory” for personal income, and 27.9% for “not satisfied” and “very dissatisfied”. Comparing with their colleagues or relatives and friends, 42% of them thought their income was "very fair" and "fair", while only 22.8% thought "not fair" and "very unfair". 

Generally speaking, in recent years, Shandong has strengthened income distribution incentives, stimulated the vitality of key groups, boosted incomes of urban and rural residents, and continuously deepened the reform of the income distribution system. While ensuring the continuous growth of income of urban and rural residents, it also took into account the fairness of the overall income distribution of society. These initiatives have been positively recognized by the residents. However, it should not be overlooked that under the downward pressure of the economy, the income growth of residents is also facing a “bottleneck”. Most of the respondents believe that the increase in personal income is not as high as the price increase. In addition, the subjective recognition of the individual income level is relatively low, which should be paid enough attention.

The problems, such as "difficulties in going to kindergartens", "hot topics in choosing schools" and "left-behind children" are still outstanding. 

In terms of education, the survey data shows that the average monthly fee for public kindergartens is 486.2 yuan, of which in urban areas is 571.1 yuan/month, and in the rural areas is 354.5 yuan/month.The number of respondents who feel that the fees are too high accounts for  24.1%; The average monthly fee for private kindergartens is 584.9 yuan, in urban areas is 607.9 yuan/month, and in rural areas is 461.7 yuan/month. The number of people who think that the fees are too high is 34.3%. All data is higher than in public kindergartens. The evaluation of service quality for public kindergartens is also higher than the private kindergartens. Generally speaking, compared with private kindergartens, public kindergartens generally have lower fees, more consistent service standards, and higher public satisfaction. However, due to the limited number of kindergartens, they can not meet all the needs of pre-school education, resulting in the phenomenon of "difficulty in going to kindergartens". 

In the primary school stage, although the policy has already abolished the distinction between "key schools" and "non-key schools", most parents still have an inherent impression of the two types of schools, of which 34% think that children or grandchildren attend "key primary schools" and 65.5% think that children or grandchildren attend "non-key primary schools". Despite the strict policy of planning school district in the compulsory education stage, many parents still have used other means to try to get their children into “key schools”. The data shows that 10.7% of parents have sought acquaintances to help, 2.8% paid extra fees, 8.6% had bought house in the school district, 2.3% changed the location of the household registration, and 10.8% had given the children to take various special examinations, which accounted for 36.2% of the interviewed parents of the “key schools”. It can be seen that the problem of “choosing school” is still difficult to eliminate through planning school district. On the whole, the overall public education in our province is developing well and the public satisfaction is high. Especially for the quality-oriented education and campus management in the primary, middle and high school, the people generally hold a positive attitude. At the same time, problems such as "difficulties in going to kindergartens", "hot topics in choosing schools", “regional differences” and "no enough care for left-behind children” still exist. The public's attention to the demand for education has gradually shifted from the "hardware" teaching conditions to the "software" teaching quality. Therefore, in the future, for the allocation of educational resources, we must focus on solving these problems, and pay more attention to the new demands of the public education.

The demand for health care for the masses continues to expand, "Prevention first" become the consensus of residents

In terms of medical care, respondents indicated that the most serious problems were as follows. "Remove the cost of reimbursement, the cost of self-pay (32%)", “The time for registration or waiting for treatment is too long (31.7%)”, “Many items to check and the cost is very high (20.3%)". Therefore, "Difficult to see a doctor, expensive to see a doctor" is still one of the problems that need to be solved.

According to the survey, respondents believe that five of the basic public health services provided by village clinics or community health service stations are urgently needed, “Health Management for the Elderly” (17.7%), “Prevention and treatment of chronic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes” (15.4%), “Building a resident health record” (13.4%), "selling essential drugs and treating common diseases" (10.6%) and "health education" (10.1%). Residents’ demand for health care continues to expand, and they gradually recognize the health concept based on prevention. The demand for health education is also expanding. For township health centers or community health service centers, several additional items have been added to public health service, which are urgently needed by residents, such as "Treatment of incurable diseases and transfer services of patients to other hospitals" and "Basic Rehabilitation Services". This reflects the different needs of residents in our province for different levels of primary medical institutions, and it is necessary to further refine and clarify the functional positioning of different primary medical institutions. 

In terms of social security projects, 84.5% of the respondents participated in social pension insurance, 90.4% of the respondents participated in social medical insurance, 14.2% participated in unemployment insurance, 16.3% participated in industrial injury insurance, and 11.1% enjoyed housing fund or housing subsidy.

From the perspective of the ownership of the work unit, 20.8% of the respondents who worked in private enterprises and 14.3% who worked in enterprises of Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macao and foreign enterprises, did not participate in social pension insurance. 11.4% of the respondents in private enterprises, 9.5% in Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and foreign enterprises did not participate in social medical insurance. These two types are the highest proportion of ownership types, which do not participate in social pension insurance and social medical insurance. 

The construction of public facilities that urban and rural residents are most eager to strengthen is road construction, tap water purification and central heating

The objective gap in public infrastructure has led to different needs of urban and rural residents. According to the survey, the top three public infrastructures required by the respondents were road construction (15.9%), tap water purification (15.0%) and central heating (14.5%). There is a significant difference in the demand for the three public infrastructures that are needed by urban and rural residents. The top three infrastructures urgently needed by urban residents are tap water purification (15.0%), road construction (14.2%), and central heating (12.3%). The top three infrastructures urgently needed by rural residents are road construction (18.6%), central heating (17.8%), tap water purification (15.0%). In addition, there is a significant difference in the demand for other infrastructure between urban and rural residents. Urban residents' demand for garbage disposal facilities, fire protection facilities, logistics distribution points, and charging piles is 4, 2.8, 2.3, and 2 percentage points higher than that of rural residents, respectively. Rural residents' demand for central heating, bus stations, and farmland irrigation facilities is 6.9, 2.7, and 2.4 percentage points higher than that of urban residents, respectively. 

For environmental issues, respondents believe that the most needed environmental infrastructure and services are “safe drinking water”(22%), followed by “garbage disposal”(20.9%). There are differences between urban and rural areas in the most needed environmental infrastructure and services. In addition to “safe drinking water”, in urban areas followed by “garbage disposal” (18.7%), while in rural areas is “sewage disposal” (21.6%). Compared with the high sewage disposal rate in cities and towns, most rural areas have no underground pipe network, and the sewage disposal level is still very low. It is urgent to explore suitable sewage disposal methods to solve the problem of water pollution in rural areas.